In order to remain an attractive technology option, coal-fired power generation needs to improve further its environmental performance and economics, increase its thermal efficiency and reduce emissions. Approaches available include further developments of conventional combustion systems and deployment of technologies utilizing combined cycles.
The more familiar Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) available include:
• Supercritical pulverized coal combustion (PCC)
• Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC)
• Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC)
• Pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC)
• Integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC)
• IGCC-fuel cells
• Hybrid gasification/combustion systems
In the report \"The Global Market for Clean Coal Technology The Greening of Coal-Fired Energy\" (http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/The-Global-Market-for-Clean-Coal-Technology-The-Greening-of-Coal-Fired-Energy.html), these and other CCTs are reviewed from the point of view of their current status, current and likely future performance and R&D needs. For long term acceptability of coal for power generation, near-zero emissions are likely to be required. Many of the conventional CCTs are technically suitable for development to give near-zero emission technologies encompassing CO2 capture for sequestration. These and separate, innovative, approaches are also reviewed in the report. The report also discusses the topic of CO2 storage or utilizations.
PCC is currently the most widely adopted system for coal-fired power generation and the use of supercritical conditions has become the norm for new installations in industrialized countries. Circulating fluidized bed combustion is just reaching scales suitable for economic use of supercritical conditions. In the short to medium term, reducing capital costs and improving efficiency and environmental performance will aid further deployment of supercritical PCC and CFBC through continuing evolutionary improvements in steam conditions and environmental control systems.
PFBC has been deployed at commercial scale, although the number of installations is still small and it appears to be destined to become a niche technology. Coal-fired IGCC demonstrations at commercial scale have been operated in the USA and Europe, with thermal efficiencies of up to 45%, but commercial orders for plants have not yet been forthcoming. Further R&D and commercial-scale demonstrations are needed to encourage commercialization of the technology by improving reliability and availability and reducing costs. Materials developments will be important. IGCC plants are capable of levels of emissions of SO2 and particulates that are much better than current requirements and emissions of NOx are also low. The technology can offer further increases in efficiency through advances in gas turbine technology (higher pressure ratios, higher turbine entry temperatures, reheat) and the further development of hot gas cleaning processes for the gas leaving the gasifier.
The above technologies are expected to have an important role to play in satisfying the need for clean power generation in the medium term, and their high efficiencies will result in up to 30% savings in CO2 emissions
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